Samsung

Samsung is a global technology conglomerate with a critical role in the AI hardware stack through its semiconductor division. Samsung is one of only three companies (along with SK Hynix and Micron) that manufacture High Bandwidth Memory (HBM), and it operates some of the world's most advanced semiconductor fabrication facilities.

Samsung's HBM chips are key components in AI accelerators, and the company is investing heavily in next-generation HBM (HBM3E and HBM4) to meet surging demand from AI chip manufacturers. Samsung Foundry also manufactures chips for various AI companies, competing with TSMC for advanced process node contracts.

Samsung's position spans multiple layers of the AI hardware stack: as a memory manufacturer, chip fabricator, and consumer electronics company integrating AI capabilities into devices — making it one of the most vertically integrated players in the physical infrastructure layer.